I’ve
known Barry Sheppard as a comrade and friend for more than 40 years. I joined
the Young Socialist Alliance (YSA) in 1969 as a high school student in Detroit.
I joined the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) in 1970 and met Barry at the SWP’s
national conference that year. I later moved to New York in 1971 to join the
staff of the YSA’s national office. I soon became head of the YSA’s work among
Black youth.
Barry and I first worked closely during the desegregation of Boston public schools in 1974-75 when I moved to Boston to head our participation in the campaign against the racist opposition. It was then I became a member of the SWP National Committee (NC) and Political Committee.
But
our closest collaboration began in 1981 when I moved back to New York after
serving three years as the party’s central leader in Chicago where I was the
district organiser and later a leader of our fraction in the United Steel
Workers union (USWA). My return to the PC came as I began several years of work
as one of the SWP’s representatives to the Fourth International (FI) in Paris,
where Barry and I served on the FI’s main leadership bodies. We made many trips
together to attend meetings and discussions in the United Secretariat of the FI
and in European sections of the FI.
I
also served as a staff writer and editor of the Militant, the SWP’s weekly
newspaper.
So
much of what Barry writes in his second volume on the rise and decline of the
SWP I know both as a member and leader of the SWP in the 1970s and 1980s. I was
suspended/expelled from the SWP in 1989, over differences on trade union
policy.
In
general agreement
In
2005 the first volume of Barry’s political memoir appeared: The Party, The
Socialist Workers Party 1960-1988, The Sixties, A Political Memoir. It covers
the exciting years of “The Sixties” and youth and Black radicalisation, in
which major political developments such as the civil rights revolution and the
Vietnam anti-war movements led to big advances for the working class and poor.
It also led to an ongoing counter reaction from the ruling class.
The
second volume, The Party, The Socialist Workers Party 1960-1988, Interregnum,
Decline and Collapse, 1973-1988, A Political Memoir, was recently published. It
covers the period of political degeneration and isolation of the SWP (“the
party”) that played a disproportionate role in many of the big events of “The
Sixties.”
It is
important to read the two volumes together. The sweep of post-World War II
history that the SWP and YSA functioned in is central to understanding how a
small group of dedicated revolutionary socialists can play an important role in
history.
I’m
in general agreement with the analysis presented by Barry in both volumes. I
will not summarise each section but will discuss key points in the book based on
my experiences, observations and hindsight analysis.
In my
view, the SWP’s decisions, initiated by national secretary Jack Barnes, to
gradually break with the party’s history and traditions made it easier for
Barnes to convince the party majority to purge its ranks of long-time leaders
and accelerate the SWP’s degeneration. This process culminated with a rejection
of Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution and the transitional method of the
founding document of the Fourth International, The Transitional Program, both
rooted in the experience of the Russian Revolution and the Communist
International in Lenin’s time.
The
reasons given for the break with the historical positions of the SWP were
ostensibly generalisations made of real struggles and revolutions we all
supported, including the revolutions in Nicaragua, Grenada and Iran in 1979.
Domestically, there were important fightback struggles in the unions in the
1970s that led us to believe we were on the eve of a political radicalisation
of the working class and its unions, which we characterised as the industrial
unions moving to “center stage”. This led us to project a “turn to industry” in
1978, to get a majority of our members into the industrial unions.
If
these developments had not happened, coming on the heels of the mass movements
in the 1960s, it would have been difficult for “one man” centralisation to
consolidate as it did. At the same time, there is no doubt in my mind that the
seeds of Barnes plans were hatched secretly before these developments.
Because
our analysis of events between 1978-81 didn’t work out as we had hoped, as
Barry explains, the wrong analysis of the political period (international and
domestic) and the failure to correct it—in particular the fact that the US
working class was not moving to centre stage — underlined the fundamental error
in breaking with the past practice of the SWP and Trotskyism.
This
is not to say that it was incorrect to reconsider Trotsky’s views in light of
the Nicaraguan, Grenadian and Iranian revolutions. We had always rooted our
analysis in previous decades based on new events. Marxism is not a static
ideology. We had found that the Marxism known as Trotskyism represented the
best tool to understand new mass struggles and determine our stance and policies.
In my
view, a policy in the unions adopted by Barnes under the prognosis of a
political radicalisation of the working class was more significant than the
rejection of Trotsky’s theory of permanent revolution. The discussion on theory
should be done in a calm manner. Barnes’ new orientation in the unions soon
resulted in practice in the rejection of the entire past trade union policies
of the SWP. The new trade union policy became abstentionism from struggles in
the labour movement and retreat into abstract socialist propaganda – the
hallmarks of an isolated sect.
Ironically
it was the failure of Barnes’ analysis to justify a break with our past that
accelerated his drive to push his goal of one-man rule and drive out all
opposition currents and leaders, including those like Barry and myself who had
agreed with his politics in 1978-81. When facts on the ground showed the party’s
analysis was wrong, we expected a change in course. That’s how the SWP had
operated throughout our history.
Barnes
evolution to cult figure
Jack
Barnes’ decision (secretly implemented) to become a cult or one-man leader
began before the turn to industry or his new political positions on Trotsky,
the Fourth International, Cuba and many other issues, as Barry explains.
How
could this be done without those in the leadership not seeing it? The SWP
central leadership had always operated as a team with back and forth
discussions that were then taken to the general membership for final decision.
For
myself, I expected corrections to eventually be made. This is how it occurred
during the Boston desegregation fight that I helped lead for the party. For
example, I initially disagreed with the PC’s conclusion in 1976 that the
National Student Coalition Against Racism (NSCAR) should be wound down. There
were no threats or fear in those discussions in contrast to what occurred a few
years later.
In a
political organisation with members dedicated to the cause of socialism and
revolution, it required major political events and analysis to justify the
break with the past. Jack Barnes used sophistry concerning the revolutions in
1979, combined with organisational top-down purges, to consolidate his control.
He then demanded personal loyalty from everyone still in the party or face
disciplinary retaliation.
It
wasn’t just major political changes that happened. The long-time tradition of
the SWP that national officers be nominated, elected or re-elected after
national conventions was also stopped at the last convention held before the
purges of oppositionists in 1983-1984. When I asked Jack why we didn’t go
through this formality since no one was challenging his position, he said it
was not necessary and it would imply disagreement within the leadership.
Because
Barry, I and others agreed with the changes in political analysis, we saw the
organisational changes as secondary to the political evolution. Only later—too
late in Barry's and my case—did we understand that there was a direct
connection between the organisational degeneration and the changes in the party’s
program and principles.
The
story and lessons of SWP history are not just for those of us who joined, built
the party and eventually left by suspension, expulsion or resignation. It has
broader lessons for all those who believe in the radical and revolutionary
vision first explained by Marx and Engels in the 19th century and later put
into revolutionary action by Lenin, Trotsky and the other Bolshevik leaders of
the 1917 Russian Revolution. While many former comrades reject the need for a
Leninist-type party today, the ideas and theories of Marx, Lenin and the
Communist International of 1919-1922 are still necessary to study and follow.
Barry
makes clear that he still stands by his revolutionary Marxist views and
believes that those ideas and the need to build a revolutionary vanguard party
are as valid today as when he first joined the SWP in 1959.
“I
believe the worldwide crisis of the capitalist system that began in 2007
represents a massive attack on the working class”, he explains in the introduction
to the second volume. “The drive by the government and the corporations to make
the working people bear the burden of this crisis will impel new forms of
struggle and organizations to emerge. The rebuilding of a revolutionary
socialist party is an urgent necessity to help lead this process as it unfolds.
A new radicalization will develop, and we must build a conscious Marxist party
out of it to lead it to victory.
“I
hope this political memoir will help in this process, both by preserving
positive lessons and pointing to some things to avoid in the experience of the
SWP. People from other traditions, new and old ones, will also contribute to
this necessary rebirth.”
Three
important lessons
There
are three integrated stories in the two volumes:
First,
is the events themselves. Barry describes powerful mass struggles—some he
observed, others as a participant—at home and abroad. The SWP was involved in
many of these struggles as supporters and in some cases as leaders.
As a
political party formed in 1938, during the major social upheaval and massive
resistance to capital in the 1930s, the SWP had leaders forged in struggle. The
SWP’s central leader, James P. Cannon, had his origins in the Wobblies
[Industrial Workers of the World, IWW], the left wing of the Socialist Party,
and was a founding leader of the Communist Party in 1919. Many of the SWP
leaders had been trade union leaders and participated in the auto sit down
strikes, longshore organising, building the Teamsters Union and fighting against
racist discrimination.
The
SWP was also a founder of the Fourth International. The party founders
understood that no socialist party could function simply as a national
organisation. Internationalism, collaborating with co-thinkers around the
world, was key to building the SWP.
After
World War II, as Barry explains, the SWP survived the period of the red scare
and McCarthyism. Its number one goal was survival. Yet in the 1950s the SWP was
able to maintain its program and when opportunities developed after the Cuban
revolution in 1959 and the student racialisation of the 1960s, it was able to
turn to these events and recruit a new generation of revolutionary leaders.
This included Barry Sheppard and Jack Barnes.
Second,
is the story of the political debates within the SWP, YSA and Fourth
International That is, even though the SWP was engaged in the real political
events of the day, it also had a lively internal political debate about the
meaning of the wars, revolutions and mass movements regarding its program. Was
the program of Marxism as understood and advanced by previous generations still
valid? Should it be changed? This debate occurred with tendency and factional
fights in the 1930s, ‘40s, ‘50s, ‘60s and 1970s.
Third,
is an explanation of how the SWP declined, degenerated and why. This aspect of
the two volumes may seem less important to the reader who can easily identify
with the big events (Iran, Nicaragua, Grenada, Poland and other democratic
revolutions) discussed in the book but who has not been a member of a socialist
organisation. In some ways this discussion of the rise, fall and decline of the
SWP leadership and program, and the creation of a cult of personality, is the
most important one for a new generation of Marxist and revolutionary activists and
leaders. Much of volume two discusses how this happened and its lessons.
Some
may argue that the formation of a cult (whether you agree that it is one or
not) was irrelevant because of the rejection of Trotsky’s views and the Fourth
International. Barry correctly argues that the cult (started in secret) began
before the new political positions were formulated by Barnes. I believe that a
cult can arise even if none of those new political positions were taken. It
would have been harder, however, to convince a majority of the leaders and
members to accept such a radical revision without facing a bigger internal
fight.
Volume
1: Origins, upsurge and response
In
volume one Barry explains how the SWP was formed in the context of the upsurge
in the 1930s in response to the deep crisis of US and world capitalism. The
founders of the party had been leaders of the Communist Party formed after the
1917 Russian Revolution. The big divide in the communist movement after Lenin’s
death concerned maintaining the principles of the Bolsheviks or moving toward
consolidation of a reactionary clique led by Stalin. Leon Trotsky, the
second-most important leader of the Bolsheviks, defended its revolutionary
program.
Trotsky
was forced out of the leadership by Stalin in the interests of the ruling
bureaucratic caste. He led the Left Opposition in the Communist Party and
Communist International. Supporters of the Left Opposition were labelled by
Stalin as “Trotskyites” and were also driven out of the movement. In the US,
Cannon and other leaders of the CP who questioned the Stalin-led Comintern
group were expelled for "Trotskyism” in 1928. They were shunned by their
former comrades and friends. They formed the Communist League of America in
1928 to continue building a revolutionary party.
The
ideas of Trotsky (revolutionary Marxism) were denounced by the Soviet
bureaucracy as ultraleft and anti-Leninist. They dredged up pre-1917 debates
over strategy between Lenin and Trotsky. Stalin’s campaign was to tar Trotsky
as an opponent of the Bolsheviks and he called his supporters “Trotskyites” as
a smear.
Trotsky’s
theory of permanent revolution, as Barry explains in a long footnote, was the
essence of the strategy first developed by Marx and Engels of the workers and
peasants taking power in a democratic revolution and moving to establish a
dictatorship of the proletariat (i.e., a workers’ state). The differences
between Lenin and Trotsky weren’t over the leading role of workers and peasants
in the democratic revolution. It was over how quickly the workers and peasants
should move to put power in their hands alone. Trotsky said the revolution must
do so as soon as possible (that is, not retreat under imperialist and
counter-revolutionary assaults) to consolidate the democratic revolution and
begin the socialist one.
Trotsky’s
strategy was proven correct in the heat of the 1917 revolution and Lenin in his
famous “April Thesis" came to the same conclusion as Trotsky. The
orientation to establish a workers’ and peasants’ government and the establishment
of a workers’ state was the agreed upon objective of all Bolsheviks as can be
seen in the documents on the issue written and adopted by the Comintern in
1919-22.
It is
only after Stalin and his cronies took power that the ideas of Lenin and Trotsky
of 1917 were denounced as “Trotskyism”. Supporters of Trotsky later proudly
took that name to defend revolutionary Marxist theories and program.
Jack
Barnes, who took over the SWP entirely in the late 1970s, knew breaking with
Trotskyism made it easier to isolate new members from the SWP’s past. He sold
this by asserting the SWP’s past wasn’t relevant for today. He built his cult
of personality around his “leadership” as the greatest Marxist since Lenin.
Attacks
on Trotskyism (I do not mean the views of dozens of sects that self-identify as
“Trotskyists”) are in fact, in my view, attacks on Marxism. One can disagree
with strategies and tactics, but to declare that Trotsky, the Left Opposition
and later the Fourth International are all ultra-leftists and an obstacle to
building a revolutionary party and movement, is a retreat from the lessons
learned after the Russian Revolution. Those lessons are what led to the
creation of the SWP and how it was able to analyse, understand and participate
in everything elaborated in Barry‘s two volumes.
The
Cuban Revolution is a good example. The SWP was able to identify with and
strongly back that revolution even though it was led by revolutionaries not of
the Trotskyist world view. Fidel Castro broke from the Cuban CP to build the
July 26 Movement and carried through a radical democratic program soon after
taking power. The July 26 Movement’s practice followed the direction
revolutions must go to defeat capitalist rule and establish government and
state power of the oppressed and exploited. A popular revolutionary regime was
first formed. Under threats from US imperialism the July 26 leaders established
a workers’ and peasants’ government with large segments of the economy still
under capitalist control. As the counterrevolution picked up steam, the Castro
leadership moved to expropriate the old ruling class. The SWP recognised that
these actions moved Cuba from an unstable workers’ and peasants’ government to
a workers’ state with deformations—meaning it lacked clear structural elements
of democratic control.
This
analysis of the SWP and the Fourth International of Cuba was in line with the
Marxist (Trotskyist) theory of uninterrupted or permanent revolution as first
successfully carried out in Russia in 1917.
The
SWP program is why it could understand the dynamics of the Cuban revolution. It
also helped us understand the failed workers’ and peasants’ government in
Algeria in the 1960s, where the Ben Bella-led workers’ and peasants’ government
stopped short of expropriating the capitalist class. A counterrevolution soon
overthrew that regime.
The
Transitional Program
Another
tool that the SWP learned from Trotsky and the Bolsheviks was the concept and
method of the "Transitional Program”. This approach was incorporated into
the founding document of the Fourth International drafted by Trotsky. It
explained the relationship between immediate, democratic, transitional and
socialist demands. Such demands arise from the living class struggle itself.
They point to the need for the workers and their allies to take power.
Otherwise such demands, even if won in part, will be eroded if not overthrown
by the capitalist class. There is no possibility of the working class winning
power if it only fights for pure socialist demands.
These
ideas were practiced by the SWP as Barry shows in the Black, feminist, anti-war
and other social movements of the1960s and 1970s. These were largely based on
democratic demands, which began to take on a transitional character, that is,
they pointed in the direction of socialism.
One
important area of the class struggle is the fight for democratic rights. The
SWP made an important contribution to this fight during its whole history,
especially in defence cases against government oppression of ourselves or
others. A special role was played by the SWP’s lawsuit against government
spying, disruption and other dirty tricks against us and by implication the
broader movements for social change after the Watergate affair exposed massive
government abuse by the Nixon administration. This lawsuit won wide support on
the left and democratic-minded individuals and organisations. It lasted from
1973 until we won our case in 1986.
The
SWP considered its understanding of the transitional program developed by
Lenin, Trotsky and the Comintern as key to doing its political work. It was not
separate from its actions.
Barry
describes a major factional struggle in the FI that lasted for seven years. The
debate began in 1969 around the lessons of the Cuban revolution. It was over
guerilla warfare as a tactic and strategy. The majority of the FI came to the
conclusion that the tactic of guerrilla war should be elevated into a
continental strategy to be followed by the FI sections in all of Latin America
no matter the specific objective circumstances in each country. (Barry notes
how the same method was being urged for Europe under the strategy of a
"new mass vanguard" and for others parts of the world). The SWP
leaders and its co-thinkers in other countries disagreed. Barry, who was a central
leader of the political fight in the FI, explains how that faction fight led to
a near split in the FI. But the failures of that strategy as it was implemented
made clear that guerrilla war as a continent-wide strategy was an error.
Eventually, the majority rejected that strategy. The two factions dissolved and
began to collaborate. Barry and his companion Caroline Lund worked in the Paris
centre with others from both former factions to help heal the near-split and
rebuild the leadership.
That
political debate within the FI was based on agreement with the theory of
permanent revolution, the Transitional Program and other principles of the
movement. The differences were on application of those ideas and principles.
Iranian
and Nicaraguan revolutions
Barry
describes in detail the radical events in Iran after the fall of the Shah in
1979. He went to Iran together with a former majority supporter to discuss with
the two groups of Iranian revolutionaries how to unify in the context of the
revolutionary developments in Iran. The differences between the groups narrowed
in the unfolding democratic revolution. The unity was made possible because
there was broad agreement on the big issues of program and strategy--showing
how big events tend to supersede old differences and forge new determination as
occurred in Russia after the February 1917 revolution. Later this would change
as the clerical wing of the mass upsurge took full control of the revolutionary
process, and short-circuited it. Counterrevolution was the result.
Barry’s
description of the 1979 Nicaraguan revolution is similar. Again the differences
in the FI over guerrilla warfare as a strategy were superseded by events. There
was a basic agreement on the significance of the Sandinistas [FSLN] taking power.
But
differences over the SWP’s new line on the Cuban, Nicaraguan and Grenadian
revolutions soon emerged in the FI and the party itself. This new line began
with altering our view of the Cuban revolution from critical support to
uncritical agreement. In a few years our understanding of what a workers’ and
farmers’ government meant from a theoretical point of view was altered, giving
it a populist meaning with confusing and muddled terminology (“popular
revolutionary dictatorship”). It began to be interpreted in the direction of
the concept of the two-stage theory that the Stalinist opponents of Trotsky
first articulated years earlier, although the majority stopped short of going
that far. At the time, this was not clear since most in the SWP and FI fully
supported the direction the Nicaraguan and Grenadian revolutions were taking.
The
question became for many of us who agreed with the leadership’s new analysis
but balked at the new terminology: was it an overreaction and slippery use of
language? Or was it tied to a move to dump long held programmatic positions for
other reasons?
It is
important to recognise that the debates within the Trotskyist movement were
also occurring in other socialist tendencies with different traditions.
The
turn to industry
The biggest
change for the SWP came in the late-1970s when our analyses of the political
period came into conflict with reality. All leaders including those of the
minorities agreed that the working class and its unions were moving toward the
centre of US politics.
We
all knew that our social composition had to change. Most new members had come
out of the student radicalisation. As a result, as they graduated they tended
to get jobs as teachers, social workers, health-care workers and other similar
occupations. We had large fractions in those unions, but were much weaker in
basic industry.
The
party leadership, after militant struggles by steel workers, rail workers, auto
workers and miners in the 1970s, decided we should carry out a “turn” to
convince a majority of our members to get jobs in basic industry. The 1978
National Committee report by Jack Barnes on the “turn”, as Barry notes, said
the turn would not mean smaller or weaker fractions in the white-collar unions
where we had built a strong presence.
At that
NC meeting we likened our orientation to wearing “three hats”. One “hat” our
members would wear would be to become known as trade unionists, actively
participating in trade union politics. Another task would be to become part and
parcel of the workforce in our plants, making friends and establishing
relations with other workers and becoming known as good workers. The third “hat”
was to become known over time as socialists who had broader ideas about
national and world politics.
The
premise was that a political radicalisation of the unions and workers was on
the horizon. But that did not happen. The error of the party leadership was not
to recognise that reality and adjust its analysis and activity. The 1980s was
not a period of working-class radicalisation. Instead it was the beginning of a
right-wing onslaught against labour, starting with the air traffic controllers’
strike that was broken by President Ronald Reagan when he fired all the
strikers. The failure of the AFL-CIO and labour movement to respond
aggressively against Reagan's action opened the door to the employers using
replacement scab workers in strikes across all industries, two-tier contracts,
concessions to the bosses and other defeats in all sectors of the labour
movement.
At
Barnes’ insistence, we succeeded in foisting on the Fourth International at its
1979 World Congress a worldwide turn to industry for all sections, under the
projection that there was a worldwide political radicalisation of the working
class about to happen. This projection was ridiculous, as was the idea that all
sections, no matter what their size or experience, no matter what their
concrete situation, had to adopt this same tactic. It was the same error that
the FI majority made in 1969 in projecting rural guerrilla war as the strategy
for all Latin American sections–except we trumped that error by insisting not
on a single tactic for a continent, but for the whole world.
The
response of the SWP leadership for the US was to double down on the view that a
working-class radicalisation was still happening in the face of reality. When
comrades in the workplace said that wasn’t the case, they were shunned or
forced out of the
organisation.
This
did not happen overnight. It was done by emphasising one of the three hats—“talking
socialism”, which became predominant.
The
second hat, functioning as union leaders, was thrown out. It was viewed as
interfering with socialist propaganda and could lead to adaptation to the union
bureaucracy. So we became abstentionist regarding union politics.
The
third hat, learning about the industry, the job and building roots among fellow
workers was redefined as a "fraction having roots not individuals".
This absurd concept meant comrades changing jobs so frequently that it
undermined the influence of the SWP in factories. One Swedish FI leader called
it functioning like “revolutionary grasshoppers”. This hat too, was abandoned.
I
remember the change happening fairly rapidly since I was a leader of our steel
fraction in Chicago. I emphasised all three hats. When a comrade of a former
minority tendency called the talking socialism policy abstentionist from
workplace life, I reminded him that we did wear all three hats in Chicago.
What
I learned later is my view of the turn as outlined in the 1978 report was no
longer Jack’s view.
As
Barry explains, when I moved back to New York at the 1981 Oberlin national
convention, Jack Barnes decided to prevent the leaders of fractions from being
elected. Fractions electing their leaderships were something I had pushed and
was agreed upon by our trade union leadership in the other fractions. I thought
then it was a temporary setback, not knowing that Jack had other ideas.
In
fact, Barnes never explicitly said during the first two years of the turn our
tactics and policies developed over 50 years in the unions were wrong for the
new political period. He never said they were wrong, only that those times were
different. He always said we had to be more flexible. It was only after the two
minorities were pushed out/expelled that the full rejection of our previous
history was elaborated. The break with the Fourth International too came later.
Considering the SWP was a founding party of the FI and previous leaders
educated us that internationalism was the key to building a revolutionary
nucleus, the transformation of the SWP under Barnes to an isolated sect was
complete.
The
Barnes cult
Barry
describes the creation of a one-man band and cult, which he explains did not
happen instantly. It was a process. Barry explains:
"Political
cults revolve around individuals, in my use of the term. These are not all
alike. The cult of Stalin and Mao grew out of the needs of a social layer, the
ruling bureaucracy... Cults in small socialist groups are not based on such
material interests. Although certain privileges can develop in the later
stages, such groups play no role in the economy, or control vast resources.
"To be
specific about the cult around Jack Barnes in the SWP, It should be first
noted, that it didn’t occur all at once, but over a period of years. Jack was a
talented leader of the SWP youth in the period of the radicalization of 'The
Sixties'. He emerged from that period as the recognized central figure among
the other younger leaders, including myself, as well as among the older leaders
of the party. It was Jack’s positive role in the previous period that earned
his authority. Gradually, this authority was abused, until it turned into its
opposite. From a positive force building the SWP, it became a negative and
destructive force that wrecked the party."
I
remember this very well. My first dealings with Jack Barnes were all positive.
He encouraged me. When I questioned a position, he did not attack me but
welcomed my input, explaining that discussion of various views was the party
tradition.
Later
after the turn, and our decision to break with Trotsky’s views and move away
from other party traditions, I noticed a change. Comrades who disagreed were
criticised behind their back. Barry, who had interviewed Malcolm X in the 1960s
together with Jack, was not mentioned by Jack in a speech that referred to that
interview at a Pittsburgh educational conference with Barry in attendance. He
made it appear that the interview was his alone. I was there and asked Jack
about it later, and he wouldn’t comment.
The
industrial turn policy as outlined in the 1978 report was agreed to by the
entire central leadership, including those who later questioned the shift on
Cuba, Nicaragua and many other issues. I was at those NC meetings too. I gave
reports on the policy at later meetings and to the United Secretariat meetings
in Paris and other countries.
We
all were told that the turn to industry was rooted in our history. In fact, we
studied the books on our work in the unions by Farrell Dobbs, Tom Kerry and
Frank Lovell, the longtime trade union secretary of the party. The classes on
the turn were rooted in our history, but soon our practice wasn’t.
When
Barnes decided to emphasise “talking socialism”, it meant moving away from our
origins. He never said that openly. He never explicitly said that his own 1978
report was wrong. He just jettisoned it in practice.
I had
learned from George Breitman and other founders of the party that differences
would always arise in the leadership, mistakes would happen, but corrections
would be made as facts proved one side or the other right or wrong.
I
assumed the same would happen with the trade union question. In fact, I gave
the report at the 1979 NC meeting about the turn and refuted the charge of an
FI leader at the meeting who challenged how we were implementing the policy and
our call on all sections of the FI to carry out the turn the way we were doing
it. He specifically challenged our frequent movement of comrades from one factory
to another before roots could be established.
(Barry
tells the story of Linda Loew, who was told to leave her job in the middle of a
union fight back and take the position of party organiser. She was against that
proposal.)
At
the Oberlin convention in 1981, Jack reversed a decision made by leaders of our
national trade union work that included me that our union fractions were ready
to elect their own leaderships. Fractions electing their leaderships was
something I had pushed. I thought then Jack’s reversal of this decision of our
trade union leaders was a temporary setback, not knowing that Jack had other
ideas.
I
voted against the PC decision and requested the right to explain why in the
forthcoming PC minutes. Before the minutes came out Jack met with me to
convince me to change my vote. He said the elected leaders of the party had to
decide leadership posts. I reluctantly agreed to drop my objection. This was a
typical method of Barnes. He would take you out to a local restaurant and
convince you his position was correct for the party as a whole. He always
stressed any differences were over emphasis not policy. And if events proved
otherwise, corrections would be made.
I
should have known Jack would not forget my stance when I later opposed an
arbitrary decision of the PC to overturn the decision of the machinists’
fraction I headed in the airlines. After moving to San Francisco and getting a
job at United Airlines and leading our IAM fraction there for some years, I
found out that trying to carry out the longtime SWP union policy led me to
being suspended/expelled in 1989.
The
formation of a cult around Barnes was a gradual process that Barry first
suspected while assigned to Europe in the mid-1970s. When Barry confronted Jack
about his suspicions in early 1978, Jack threatened him with expulsion. It was
then that Jack began his underground personal swipes against Barry.
Barry
explains that the fear of being expelled after spending your political life in
the SWP is why many longtime members, like Barry, did not stand up to the new
policies and one-man rule.
I
believe that the only way the cult could later be consolidated in the
membership in a political organisation like the SWP was to reject the party’s
historic program and activity.
Did
Barnes always plan to run the SWP himself without democratic checks? Who knows?
But once the old guard of the 1930s and ‘40s generations retired or were in
their final years in the 1970s, its likely Barnes decided that he wanted to
ensure his total control of the party. He couldn’t do so by simply declaring
all the old political positions and programs of the SWP were wrong. He began by
chipping away at the SWP’s heritage and program. Once he got agreement on each
step by the majority of leaders, he moved to throw out those who challenged
him. This salami tactic was used over and over until almost the entire
leadership cadre and most of the ranks accumulated in the 1960s and 1970s were
out.
The
two minorities at the end of the 1970s and early 1980s were led by longtime
leaders of the SWP. The Breitman grouping first questioned the SWP’s 100 per
cent turn to Cuba without criticisms. It violated our longtime position.
Because of the victories of the 1979 Nicaragua and Grenada revolutions, it was
easy for the leadership to justify this shift without saying the old position
was wrong immediately.
The
Weinstein-Henderson group likewise had roots in trade union work. Their
criticism of Barnes’ tactics in the unions reaffirmed our traditional
orientation. Again it was easy to say they looked to the past. I agreed with
that even though I believed we had not jettisoned our old positions. I saw it
as a generational difference. Both minorities came to agree on reaffirming our
long practice in the unions against the new propagandistic abstentionism.
I
would add that even if there had been a political radicalisation of the working
class, our historic methods of work in the unions based on the Transitional
Program and a great deal of accumulated practice would have been the correct
road. The minorities, based on this more realistic policy, did come to see that
working-class politics was going in the opposite direction.
By
the time the minorities were being pushed out, when the differences seemed
wider, it was too late.
As
Barry explains, the atmosphere had changed once the opposition groups were
expelled. Purges continued mainly over violations of so-called morality and
made-up political justifications. This involved supporters of the majority,
including longtime members and leaders of the organisation. It was not a
surprise that Barry Sheppard and Caroline Lund, his longtime companion, decided
in 1988 enough was enough and simply resigned. There were no others to join
with to lead a fight to correct the party's decline. Barry and Caroline knew they
would simply be expelled.
I
didn’t see it that way at first. I thought I would be allowed to fight over the
airline union issue. It would show the membership that internal democracy was
still alive and outside critics were wrong. But as soon as I refused to follow
the wrong analysis and policy for the airlines, I was suspended. There was no
debate allowed in the San Francisco branch, national airline union fraction or
even by the PC with me present. Members were told later that I violated
national policy and was suspended. I lost all my rights, including entering the
branch offices or speaking to anyone.
That’s
why I then joined up with Barry, Carline and others who had left the SWP to try
and get those questioning the changes to the party's traditions and program to
build a new organisation since the Barnes controlled SWP was now a hardened
cult and sect.
It is
important to recognise that just because a group changes long-held positions
does not mean a cult has formed or that all previous positions have been
jettisoned. For example, the Australian Democratic Socialist Party (DSP) that I
collaborated with also rejected Trotskyism but continued to build a
revolutionary organisation. I disagreed with the DSP in its rejection of
Trotsky’s defence of Marxism and the Transitional Program method. The DSP later
had a factional fight among its longtime central leaders. Both groups rejected
their previous Trotskyist heritage and principles. A split eventually happened
on current tactics for Australia. But the internal debate did occur. The two
groups that emerged from the split are activist organisations and led by
democratically elected leaderships. They did not go into sectarian
abstentionism as the SWP did.
I
believe Barry explains clearly that the move toward a cult began before the
major political changes of long-held SWP positions. It is wrong to say the
changes of political and theoretical positions came first. That’s not how it
happened. However, I believe that the only way the cult could later be
consolidated in the membership in a political organisation like the SWP was to
reject the party’s historic program and activity.
In
the end, it was the rejection of the historic SWP’s program and practice as the
result of the cult which is decisive in characterising the SWP’s politics
today.
Read
the book
There
is a lot to learn about the political movements of the 1960s-’80s in Barry’s
two-volume memoir. There is a lot to study about how a small revolutionary
group can play a disproportionate role in big events with a correct
understanding of politics and working class evolution.
And
for those seeking to revitalise the left and socialist movement and program
there is a lot to learn why mechanisms need to be in place to prevent the type
of takeover that occurred in the SWP. Our downfall was to assume that all
leaders played by the same rules and would abide by the practices that the
party adopted in its documents.
I agree with Barry that the founding principles and program of
the SWP and Fourth International, including their updating through the years as
the class struggle developed, remain true today precisely because the working
class has yet to have its day on a world scale.
