2974. An Attempt at a Census to Control Cat Population in Washington D.C.

By Christina Caron, The New York Times, July 19, 2018

A cat house for feral cats to help them survive the bitter winter.

Editor's Note:  It is rare to find a critical problem with the natural world that is not caused by humans. This must be obvious with the outsized population of cats and dogs in the world.  There are at least 525 million dogs in the world and the house cats population is estimated to be between 220 million and 600 million. Feral cats population is estimated to be about the same, prompting some to estimate the world total cat population at 1 billion.  Cats and dogs are known invasive species.  One recent study estimates that free-ranging domestic cats kill 1.3–4.0 billion birds and 6.3–22.3 billion mammals annually. But I do not know of any popular or scientific discussion of this problem that points a finger at the cause of the problem: Humans and Our Way of Life. Instead, the participants in this "discussion" are often divided between pro-cat and pro-dog groups and conservationists who argue for killing off feral cats and dogs populations to save the other species (often birds). Of course, nobody ever mentions getting rid of the pet industry and cat and dog lovers never dream of a day when they cannot have a "pet" in their life. Having carnivores as your "pet" implies a need for a meat industry which annually slaughters billions of other species to satisfy human fancy and make profits.  Nobody in this discussion ever mentions that we are in the midst of the anthropogenic (human-caused) Sixth Extinction. The author of this article complains that cats have contributed to the extinction of 63 species but seems not to know that Our Way of Life is making an estimated 200 species go extinct EVERY SINGLE DAY. Never does The New York Times write an article to decry this horror and it is unthinkable for the conservationists to call for castration of all male humans (not to mention a far more extreme measure: extermination of humans) to stop us from killing off biodiversity on Earth.  I submit this is because of our anthropocentric culture which does not allow us to self-critically examine the fact that all the crisis of in nature we see today are caused by humans and Our Way of Life: The anthropocentric capitalist civilization.  KN

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The District of Columbia, like a lot of cities, has a cat dilemma. Stray and feral cats roam the streets of Washington, protected by neuter-and-release policies.

They prey on wildlife and carry diseases that are dangerous to humans, concerning conservationists. Their quality of life can be poor.

As cat populations continue to flourish, scientists and animal advocates are searching for the best and most responsible way to manage them. A new initiative called D.C. Cat Count might provide some answers. It is spending the next three years counting all the cats that live in Washington, and observing how they move around.

And you read that right — all the cats, including pets.

While other cities have embarked on smaller efforts to count segments of their cat populations, D.C. Cat Count, which started this week, announced it aimed to count every cat in the nation’s capital, not just those living on the streets or in shelters but also all the rest, whether living indoors, outdoors or both.

“This is the first of its kind,” said Lauren Lipsey, vice president of community programs for the Humane Rescue Alliance. “We’ll be sampling the entire city.”

The $1.5 million project, which is being funded by animal advocacy groups, is a highly technological endeavor. As many as 60 camera traps, most aided by infrared sensors, will record images of outdoor cats. And a smartphone app, still in development, will allow anyone in Washington to share pictures of cats that they observe outside, or cats that they own, to build a library of as many cats as possible.

“The biggest concern is that we don’t know how many cats or what percentage of the population we’re helping, or what the true need is out there,” Ms. Lipsey said. “And our goal is to help them all, even if they are owned.”

The Humane Rescue Alliance, the organization that operates animal control in Washington and serves as the area’s sole animal-welfare group, is partnering with the Humane Society of the United States, PetSmart Charities and the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute to tally the capital’s cats.

The data will be analyzed by Tyler Flockhart, a conservation biologist and adjunct assistant professor at the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science who has been studying cat populations for about four years.

“It’s a pretty bold undertaking, but an important one,” he said.

About 16,000 feral cats have been sterilized through the city’s trap-neuter-return program, which started in 2008. And each year about 2,000 to 3,000 cats are adopted, Ms. Lipsey said. Her organization has seen an increase in the number of cats that are unowned.

But nobody knows exactly how many cats are in Washington.

Cats are elusive, move quickly and excel at hiding. Those qualities make them difficult to observe.

“Cats are hard to see,” Mr. Flockhart said. “You see very few cats when you’re out walking around. And that’s because they’re secretive animals. When you see a cat, there is almost certainly more than one there.”

Knowing how many cats live in Washington is essential to developing policies to manage them, he added.

“Hopefully at the end of our study we have tools to do work in other cities,” he said.

In New York City, there are tens of thousands of stray and feral cats, referred to as “community cats,” that live outdoors and are not suitable for adoption because they have not been socialized to humans. New York manages this population by neutering the cats and returning them to their original locations. In Illinois, Gov. Bruce Rauner last year signed legislation making it easier for counties to pay for trap-neuter-vaccinate-return programs for feral cats.

In Los Angeles County, where it is estimated that there are millions of stray and feral cats, some conservationists are fighting the neuter-and-release practice.

“No-kill simply moves the killing to other places,” Travis Longcore, science director at the Urban Wildlands Group, told Los Angeles Magazine last year. “Maybe you aren’t euthanizing that feral cat, but you are guaranteeing the death of lizards and birds and contamination of waterways with Toxoplasma gondii and adverse impacts to sea lions and seals.”

Cats not only carry diseases like rabies that can be spread to people, they have also contributed to at least 63 extinctions.

And cats are such a common sight that “we tend to forget that they don’t actually belong in our yards and parks,” Clare Nielsen, a spokeswoman for the American Bird Conservancy, said. “They are not part of our native wildlife, and they kill more birds than any other direct human-caused threat — more than two billion each year in the U.S.”

Gathering more data on cats will be helpful, she added: “The question is, how will the data be used? We’re hoping the effort will lead to an honest conversation about what sustainable solutions for D.C.’s homeless cats might look like.”

The debate over how best to control cat populations has been going on for a long time. Nearly a decade ago a publication from the University of Nebraska-Lincoln mentioned lethal methods as a way to manage feral cats, a suggestion that created an outcry at the time.

Washington can benefit from additional data that goes beyond what the Humane Rescue Alliance has gathered, Ms. Lipsey said.

“Up until now we’ve been basing our policies and activities fully on our data, which is very much independent of what actually might be going on out there,” she said. “We don’t know to what extent we’re reaching the cats in our community.”

2829. The Life and Death of Nigel: The World's Loneliest Seabird

By Yonette Joseph, The New York Times, February 4, 2018

Nigel, on the right, courted the concrete decoy to left until he died in his nest.

LONDON — The story of a lonely seabird named Nigel who tried to woo a mate that had a heart of stone and died on an uninhabited island off New Zealand has captivated many on social media.

Footage of the bird preening and cooing as he fruitlessly courted a decoy made of concrete has been watched obsessively online. Though his chosen partner kept a cold silence, Nigel, a gannet, won the affection of visitors and conservationists alike.

His solitary life shined a light on a yearslong effort by an army of conservationists, devoted volunteers and others to repopulate his species on the island.

News of the seabird’s death in late January hit the island’s caretakers and social media users hard.

“It seems like such a wrong ending for Nigel to die now,” said Chris Bell, 37, a ranger for the New Zealand Conservation Department, who found the seabird dead in his nest. “Just when it looked like it could get better for him.”

Nigel first landed on Mana Island a few years ago (conservationists differ on the year). Mana is about 16 miles, or 25.3 kilometers, northwest of Wellington, the capital. It’s also the site of an ambitious effort to establish a flourishing colony of Australasian gannets, which can be found in social clusters off the coast of Australia and New Zealand. But types of gannets have settled all over the world, including in Scotland.

In the 1990s, conservationists set up concrete gannets on the western side of Mana to lure real birds. They painted the decoys’ beaks yellow, the wingtips black, the plumage white. They played seabird calls over solar-powered speakers.

On the very first day, two gannets swooped in, Mr. Bell said by phone early Saturday. Conservationists congratulated themselves on their instant success. But soon, the birds flew away, and the project stalled.

Then came Nigel.

He quickly took a liking to one of the concrete replicas, according to Mr. Bell, who says he’s the only full-time employee on the island. Month after month, the bird cozied up to his chosen mate, but “she” remained aloof.

“He nested alongside her,” said Linda Kerkmeester, vice president of the environmental conservation group Friends of Mana Island. “He was seen wooing her by preening her. Nigel was also seen trying to mate with her.”

A botanist doing a survey for Friends of Mana Island named the bird Nigel “no mates” because he had no friends.

“I think the saddest part of this story is what a frustrating existence to be courting this stone bird and getting nothing back,” Mr. Bell said. “Not getting rejected, not getting encouragement.”

Though Nigel lived a mostly solitary life on the island, he became the linchpin of the efforts to draw other gannets to Mana.

The colony was one of several seabird projects undertaken by a partnership that included a local tribe, Friends of Mana Island and the Conservation Department to drive gannets to spread out and inhabit other islands.

“New Zealand was an amazing place for seabirds before humans arrived,” Mr. Bell said. “Lots of seabirds nested on the land. Bringing seabirds back to the land is important.”

The seabirds are key to the project because they provide nutrients in the soil for insects and plants to thrive, according to Friends of Mana Island.

New Zealand, whose native species have been devastated by predators like rats that were introduced to the country, is aiming for an environmental moon shot. The nation is waging a battle to eradicate all invasive predators by 2050. Several islands have already been cleared.

Mana, which was farmed from the 1820s to the 1980s, is pest free. It has been restored with 500,000 native trees, and lizards, seabirds and other native birds have been translocated, Friends of Mana Island said.

“Mana Island is a great scientific reserve because Mana never had rats,” Mr. Bell said. “So it’s a great place to reintroduce species.”

In December, after years of hoping the Mana seabird project would take off, conservationists redoubled efforts to build up the colony. They repositioned the decoys and moved the speakers so that recorded bird sounds would be carried clear out to sea. The fake birds got fresh paint. And suddenly, Nigel had company.