By Lawrence M. Krause, The New York Times, January 15, 2013
Regional nuclear war can lead to worldwide destruction |
Tempe, Arizona--TO our great peril, the scientific community has had little success in
recent years influencing policy on global security. Perhaps this is because the
best scientists today are not directly responsible for the very weapons that
threaten our safety, and are therefore no longer the high priests of
destruction, to be consulted as oracles as they were after World War II.
The problems scientists confront today are actually much harder than
they were at the dawn of the nuclear age, and their successes more heartily
earned. This is why it is so distressing that even Stephen Hawking, perhaps the
world’s most famous living scientist, gets more attention for his views on
space aliens than his views on nuclear weapons.Scientists’ voices are crucial
in the debates over the global challenges of climate change, nuclear
proliferation and the potential creation of new and deadly pathogens. But
unlike in the past, their voices aren’t being heard.
Indeed, it was Albert Einstein’s letter to President Franklin D.
Roosevelt in 1939, warning of the possibility that Hitler might develop a
nuclear weapon, that quickly prompted the start of the Manhattan Project, the
largest scientific wartime project in history. Then, in 1945, the same group of
physicists who had created the atomic bomb founded the Bulletin of the Atomic
Scientists to warn of the dangers of nuclear weapons, and to promote
international cooperation to avoid nuclear war. As Einstein said in May 1946,
“The unleashed power of the atom has changed everything save our modes of
thinking, and thus we drift toward unparalleled catastrophe.”
The men who built the bomb had enormous prestige as the greatest
physics minds of the time. They included Nobel laureates, past and future, like
Hans A. Bethe, Richard P. Feynman, Enrico Fermi, Ernest O. Lawrence and Isidor Isaac Rabi.
In June 1946, for instance, J. Robert Oppenheimer, who had helped lead the
Manhattan Project in Los Alamos, N.M., argued that atomic energy should be
placed under civilian rather than military control. Within two months President
Harry S. Truman signed a law doing so, effective January 1947.
Today, nine nuclear states have stockpiled perhaps 20,000 nuclear
weapons, many of which dwarf the weapons dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Yet
proliferation is as alarming as ever, even though President Obama signed, and
Congress ratified, the new strategic arms-reduction treaty in 2010. Iran’s
nuclear program could lead to conflict. So could the animosity between India
and Pakistan, which both have nuclear weapons.
The United States is complicit, because whatever our leaders may say,
our actions suggest that we have no real intention to disarm. The United
Nations adopted the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, which would ban countries
from testing nuclear weapons, in 1996. But it has not come into force; the
Senate rejected ratification in 1999, and while President Obama has promised to
obtain ratification, he has not shown enough urgency in doing so.
What’s striking is that today’s version of the Manhattan Project
scientists — not the weapons researchers at our maximum-security national
laboratories, but distinguished scientific minds at our research universities
and other national labs — provide advice that is routinely ignored.
Last year, the National Academy of Sciences published a report
demonstrating that all the technical preconditions necessary for ratifying the
United Nations treaty were in place. But this vital issue did not come up in
the presidential campaign and is barely mentioned in Washington. Another study
by the academy last year, on flaws in America’s costly ballistic missile
defense program, has had little impact even as the Pentagon considers cuts in military
spending.
I am co-chairman of the board of sponsors of the Bulletin of the
Atomic Scientists, which has supported the call for a world free of nuclear
weapons — a vision backed by major foreign policy figures in both parties. But
ideological biases have become so ingrained in Washington that scientific
realities are subordinated to political intransigence.
Do scientists need to develop new doomsday tools before our views are
again heard? Will climate researchers remain voiceless unless they propose untested
geoengineering technologies that could have insidious consequences? Will
biologists be heard only if their work spawns new biotechnologies that could be
weaponized?
Because the threat of nuclear proliferation is not being addressed,
because missile defense technologies remain flawed and because new threats
exposed by scientists have been ignored, the Bulletin’s annual Doomsday clock — which was updated on Tuesday
— still sits at five minutes to midnight. The clock is meant to convey the
threats we face not only from nuclear weapons, but also from climate change and
the potential unintended consequences of genetic engineering, which could be
misused by those seeking to create bioweapons.
Until science and data become central to informing our public
policies, our civilization will be hamstrung in confronting the gravest threats
to its survival.
Lawrence
M. Krauss, a theoretical physicist at Arizona State
University, is the author, most recently, of “A Universe From Nothing: Why
There Is Something Rather Than Nothing.”
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