By Elisabeth Rosenthal, The New York Times, January 15, 2013
The tiny black
particles released into the atmosphere by burning fuels are far more powerful
agents of global warming than had previously been estimated, some of the world’s
most prominent atmospheric scientists reported in a study issued on Tuesday.
The new estimate of black carbon’s heat-trapping power is about double the
one made in the last major report by the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in 2007. And the researchers said that if indirect
warming effects of the particles are factored in, they may be trapping heat at
almost three times the previously estimated rate.
The new calculation adds urgency to efforts to curb the production of
black carbon, which is released primarily by diesel engines in the industrialized
world and by primitive cook stoves and kerosene lamps in poorer nations.
Natural phenomena like forest fires also produce it.
Black carbon is already a central target of one of the few international
climate initiatives championed by the United States, the Climate and Clean Air Coalition to Reduce
Short-Lived Climate Pollutants,
which has been supported by Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton. The
program seeks to reduce the production of black carbon to combat both climate
change and air pollution and respiratory disease on
the ground.
Although some scientists have long believed that black carbon is a major
force in climate change, the vast majority of previous mathematical models had
predicted that the particles had only a modest impact. That view should now
change, said Mark Z. Jacobson, an atmospheric scientist at Stanford University
and one of the study’s authors, calling the old models “overly simplistic.” He
said that many of his co-authors had previously hewed to the lower estimates.
Veerabhadran Ramanathan, a professor of climate science at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography in San Diego who has long campaigned to control black
carbon, described the study as highly authoritative. “The fact that it’s
written by a very large group of modelers gives it enormous credibility,” he
said. “It was lonely before. I’m now glad to be right in the middle.”
The group reached its conclusions after factoring in a new series of
measurements about the amount of black carbon accumulating in the atmosphere
and how much heat from the sun it absorbs. It also took into account some of
the complicated secondary climate effects that occur when black carbon
interacts with chemical, clouds and the earth’s surface.
For example, when black carbon settles on glaciers or Arctic ice, it
renders them darker, and they absorb more heat and melt at a faster rate.
Still, some scientists said the paper mostly underlined how much remained
to be studied about the warming effects of these particles.
“The paper makes a good case that our models are underestimating the
effect, but what it does for me is to underscore all the various uncertainties,”
said Christopher D. Cappa, an associate professor of environmental science at
the University of California at Davis.
In a study
published last year in the journal Science, Dr. Cappa and his colleagues
studied atmospheric samples containing black carbon and concluded that they absorbed less sunlight than might be
predicted from laboratory experiments, in part because black carbon is coated
with atmospheric chemicals.
Carbon dioxide, the leading greenhouse gas, remains in the atmosphere for
decades and is distributed nearly uniformly across the earth’s atmosphere. By
contrast, black carbon generally only persists in the air for a week to 10
days, so its presence across the globe is far more variable. And its effect
varies greatly depending on whether it is above or below the clouds, Dr. Cappa
said.
But the short-lived nature of black carbon also makes it a ready target
for efforts to rein in climate change. Any reduction in carbon dioxide
production today will take years to have a tangible effect on global warming
because so much of the gas is already in the atmosphere. But preventing the
release of a ton of black carbon, particularly in just the right place — say,
upwind from a glacier — could have a strong and nearly immediate impact.
Mrs. Clinton has also been a strong supporter of the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, a public-private partnership whose goal is to replace
100 million primitive stoves in poor countries with modern versions that
produce less black carbon.
On another front, a greater emphasis on black carbon as a warming agent
could affect elements of climate policies in many countries. Most notably, to
meet national fuel efficiency standards, many carmakers are making more diesel cars
because they get better gas mileage and produce less carbon dioxide.
But diesel engines also produce relatively heavy emissions of black
carbon, Dr. Jacobson said, which partly cancels out the benefit.
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