By Donald McNeil Jr., The New York Times, May 7, 2012
 |
| Juan Carlos Miranda, an AIDS patient, with Dr. Victor Maracha at an AIDS treatment sanitarium near Havana. Photo credit: Jose Goitia |
HAVANA — Yudelsy
García O’Connor, the first baby known to have been born with H.I.V. in Cuba,
is not merely still alive. She is vibrant, funny and, at age 25, recently
divorced but hoping to remarry and have children.
Her father died of AIDS when she was 10, her mother when she was 23.
She was near death herself in her youth.
“I’m not afraid of death,” she said. “I know it could knock on my
door. It comes for everyone. But I take my medicine.”
Ms. García is alive thanks partly to lucky genes, and partly to the
intensity with which Cuba has attacked its AIDS epidemic. Whatever debate may
linger about the government’s harsh early tactics — until 1993, everyone who
tested positive for H.I.V. was forced into quarantine — there is no question
that they succeeded.
Cuba now has one of the world’s smallest epidemics, a mere 14,038
cases. Its infection rate is 0.1 percent, on par with Finland, Singapore and
Kazakhstan. That is one-sixth the rate of the United States, one-twentieth of
nearby Haiti.
The population of Cuba is only slightly larger than that of New York
City. In the three decades of the global AIDS epidemic, 78,763 New Yorkers have
died of AIDS. Only 2,364 Cubans have.
Other elements have contributed to Cuba’s success: It has free
universal basic health care; it has stunningly high rates of H.I.V. testing; it
saturates its population with free condoms, concentrating on high-risk groups
like prostitutes; it gives its teenagers graphic safe-sex education; it
rigorously traces the sexual contacts of each person who tests positive.
By contrast, the response in the United States — which records 50,000
new infections every year — seems feeble. Millions of poor people never see a
doctor. Testing is voluntary, and many patients do not return for their
results. Sex education is so politicized that many schools teach nothing about
protected sex; condoms are expensive, and distribution of free ones is
haphazard.
Cuba has succeeded even though it has the most genetically diverse
epidemic outside Africa. Almost all American cases are of one strain, subtype
B. Cuba has 21 different strains.
The genetic diversity is a legacy of its foreign aid. Since the 1960s,
Cuba has sent abroad thousands of “internationalists” — soldiers, doctors,
teachers and engineers. Stationed all over Africa, they brought back a wide
array of strains. According to a study in 2002, 11 of Cuba’s 21 strains are
unknown elsewhere, formed when two others mixed.
And Cuba’s success has come despite its being a sex tourism
destination for Europeans and Canadians.
While the police enforce laws against overt streetwalking, bars and
hotel lobbies in downtown Havana are filled with young women known as jineteras
— slang for “jockeys” — who approach foreigners, asking if they would like to
go for a drink, or perhaps dancing, with the unspoken assumption that it will
lead to more. Even so, of the roughly 1,000 new infections diagnosed each year,
81 percent are among men and very few among young unmarried women.
“Most of those who sleep with tourists know to use condoms,” said Dr.
Ribero Wong, an AIDS specialist here.
In a survey in 2009, 77 percent of all sex workers said they regularly
used condoms.
There are male jineteras for gay tourists too, of course, “but we
believe the main vector is within the people,” said Dr. Luis Estruch Rancaño,
deputy minister for public health. “Mainly, the very promiscuous group in the
homosexual community who have many partners and don’t take precautions.”
One example is Carlos Emilio García, 50, a registered nurse who lives and works at a
former quarantine sanitarium outside Havana. He had negative H.I.V. tests at
his job every six months from 1990 to 1996, but became infected in 1997.
He admits to having had many partners; as he put it, “No, I don’t know
who my assassin is.”
Asked why a well-educated nurse would risk sex without a condom, he
waved his hands in the air and replied, “You know — because we all do crazy
things sometimes.”
The
few Cuban women who are infected usually get the virus from partners who are
secretly bisexual, experts said.
“Homo-bisexual
transmission” is its own category in Cuba; socially, a man who occasionally has
sex with other men is not considered gay if he is a “top” — the penetrative
partner, explained Ramón Arango García, a fashion designer and educator at the
National AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention Center.
Heroin use, which drives epidemics in many countries, is virtually
nonexistent in Cuba, officials insist.
And since 1986, only 38 babies have been born with the virus. In
Cuba’s cradle-to-grave health care system, pregnant women get up to 12 free prenatal
checkups, during which they are tested for H.I.V. at least twice.
Before antiretroviral drugs were available, H.I.V.-infected women were
offered abortions or, if they chose to deliver, Caesareans and free infant
formula to discourage breast-feeding and reduce the risk of
transmission. Now they get the drugs free.
Universal Coverage
As broken as it is economically, Cuba still points proudly to one
legacy of its 1959 revolution: Basic health care is universal and free. Cuba
has 535,000 health care workers (“We’re all either doctors or baseball
players,” one hospital microbiologist joked) and each citizen is officially
registered with a family doctor nearby; if a patient skips a
checkup, the doctor is expected to find out why.
“I was trained to expect my patients to come to me,” said Dr. Rafael
Mazín, senior AIDS adviser for the Pan American Health Organization in
Washington, who is Mexican. “In Cuba, the doctor comes to you.”
Cuba is tied with the United States in both life expectancy and infant mortality.
Dr. Jorge Pérez Ávila is Cuba’s Tony Fauci, its
best-known AIDS doctor. He is grandfatherly now, and clearly much loved by
former patients like Ms. García, but he has memories of helping his bus driver
father make gasoline bombs to throw at the police during the Batista
government. As a teenager he dropped out of school to live in the mountains,
teaching villagers to read under a literacy program after Castro came to power.
He treated Ms. García’s parents on their deathbeds and heard her
father beg, “Do whatever it takes to help my daughter live.” (Her father, who
had been a soldier in Angola, was a truck driver. He had nine girlfriends in
different towns, five of whom he infected.)
Many medical authorities agree that Cuba had an early and effective
response to the epidemic. In his book, “AIDS: Confessions to a Doctor,”
published only in Spanish, Dr. Pérez gave his account of the meeting that
galvanized Cuba’s response.
In 1983, Fidel Castro visited the Pedro
Kourí Institute, Cuba’s top tropical disease hospital, to hear a
presentation on malaria and dengue fever.
As it ended, he suddenly asked the director, “Gustavo, what are you
doing to keep AIDS from entering Cuba?”
Dr. Gustavo Kourí, son of the institute’s founder, was caught off
guard, Dr. Pérez said, and stammered: “AIDS, comandante? AIDS? It is a new
disease. We don’t even know whether it’s produced by a bacteria, a virus or a
fungus. There isn’t much data on it, just what’s been reported in the United
States and a few cases in Europe. It will take time to know how big it is.”
Mr. Castro replied: “I think it will be the epidemic of this century.
And it’s your responsibility, Gustavo, to stop it becoming a major problem
here.”
This was two years before any American president publicly uttered the
word “AIDS.” Asked how Mr. Castro could have been so prescient, Dr. Pérez
struggled to find the right word, then said: “Castro has luz larga” — “big
lights,” the Cuban slang for automobile high beams. “He reads a lot. He sees
far ahead.”
Dr. Pérez is simultaneously both a fan of the Castro government and a
bit of a cynic; on Dec. 1, he led a “Viva, Fidel!” cheer at his hospital’s
World AIDS Day. But he also mentioned that Mr. Castro once praised him by
saying: “Jorge, I’ve been reading your mail. Your patients say very nice things
about you.”
The medical establishment reacted quickly. The first step was to throw
out all imported blood — 20,000 units. That avoided the devastation that the hemophiliac populations in the United States
and France suffered.
Doctors were sent to Brazil and France to study cases.
All of the country’s family doctors were ordered to watch for
infections that indicate AIDS like Kaposi’s sarcoma or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Because there was no H.I.V. test yet, the first cases were found late
in the disease, leading doctors to think most patients died within a year — an
erroneous assumption that helped justify the quarantine policy.
In 1986, blocked by the embargo from buying American test kits, Cuba
bought 750,000 French ones.
According to Dr. María Isela Lantero, AIDS chief at the Health
Ministry’s, Cuba’s 11 million citizens have been tested 43 million times; last
year, more than two million tests were done. That is the equivalent of testing
the sexually active population every three years, though in reality the focus
is on high-risk groups, who are tested more often.
Cubans returning from abroad are routinely tested, as are pregnant
women, prisoners, soldiers, hospital patients, health workers and anyone
treated for venereal disease. So is anyone whose family
doctor suspects he or she is gay, a sex worker or otherwise at risk.
Haydee Martínez
Obregón, 33, who has lived in the AIDS sanitarium in Sancti Spíritus, in
central Cuba, since she was 19, is an example of that. (She lives there by
choice, she said, because she has no home outside.)
Asked how she learned she was infected, she said, “My family doctor
thought it was a good idea to test me because I was so promiscuous.”
And how did he know that?
“My mother told him everything.”
Anonymous voluntary testing is also available at 700 clinics and
hospitals.Anyone who tests positive gets an appointment with an epidemiology
nurse, who asks for the names of everyone he or she has ever slept with.
By law, answering is voluntary.
“If they say no, nothing happens,” Dr. Pérez said.
But pressure is clearly applied. A patient who says no to the nurse
gets an appointment with the doctor, then with a social worker and then
sometimes with a psychologist. Then a team of H.I.V.-positive educators will
make a home visit. So might the local Committee for the Defense of the
Revolution. Depending on whom one asks, those committees are the defenders of
Cuban democracy, domestic spies or just state-sponsored Nosy Parkers.
Some still refuse. Arachu Castro, a professor of global health at
Harvard Medical School who often works in Cuba, described one woman who
absolutely insisted that she had never slept with anyone but her husband, who
was virus-free.
“We called her the Immaculate Infection,” she said.
There are other subtle pressures, Dr. Castro said. Socialist education
teaches Cubans to feel responsible for one another. Also, most Cubans subsist
partly on government rations and the sick get extra food, and their lifesaving
drugs, from the government.
Everyone who tests positive also must take a two-week course in
“living responsibly with H.I.V.”
Rising Challenge
With mandatory quarantine long gone and the virus now mostly in gay
and bisexual men, new infections are slowly but steadily rising. They now
approach 1,000 a year, “and we’re waiting for the plateau,” said Dr. José
Joanes Fiol, the Health Ministry’s chief epidemiologist.
Today, condoms and sex education are the chief weapons.
Cuban society is the opposite of puritanical; scanty clothing is
routine, suggestive flirtation is common, and so are divorce and extramarital
affairs.
The government distributes more than 100 million condoms a year. Every
place with young customers, even pizzerias, is required to stock them.
“The first ones we got were from China, and had butterflies and
penguins on the package,” Manuel Hernández Fernández, an AIDS educator for 25
years, said with a snort. “We had to Cubanize them.”
Now one shows a man groping a naked breast; another has two men.
During a condom giveaway for World AIDS Day, women laughed as
volunteers — mostly gay men — dropped condoms into their cleavages.
“Just one?” one woman said. “What am I going to do with just one?”
Omairy Lorenzo, 18, a journalism student in Havana watching the
giveaway, said she had been shown how to put a condom on a model penis at
school when she was 12.
Her classmate Abel Lescaille, 20, said, “Sometimes they do so much sex
education that you get tired of it.”
Until recently, Cuban society and government policies were deeply
homophobic; in the revolution’s early days, gay men were sent to labor camps.
Fidel Castro now publicly says he regrets that action.
Now there is more acceptance.
At the same time, the government controls virtually all real estate,
and there are no gay bars or hotels. Cruising men often have unsafe sex in
abandoned buildings or parks where muggers lurk and the police conduct raids,
said Libán Molina, 41, a volunteer at an AIDS prevention hot line.
Only about half of the 11,674 Cubans living with H.I.V. are now on
antiretroviral drugs.
In theory, Cuba would be an ideal laboratory for “test and treat,” the
new protocol in which patients who test positive go on drugs immediately to
reduce by 95 percent their chance of infecting anyone else.
However, it requires modern drugs and Cuba makes only the older,
harsher ones. Only about 1,100 patients get new drugs, paid for by foreign
donors.
“We know about test-and-treat,” Dr. Pérez said. “We would do it, if we
could. But we need the funds.”
