By Justin Gillis, The New York Times, April 17, 2012
Scientists may
hesitate to link some of the weather extremes of recent years to global warming — but the public, it seems, is
already there.
A poll due for release on Wednesday shows that a
large majority of Americans believe that this year’s unusually warm winter,
last year’s blistering summer and some other weather disasters were probably
made worse by global warming. And by a 2-to-1 margin, the public says the
weather has been getting worse, rather than better, in recent years.
The survey, the most detailed to date on the public response to
weather extremes, comes atop other polling showing a recent uptick in concern
about climate change. Read together, the polls suggest that direct experience
of erratic weather may be convincing some people that the problem is no longer
just a vague and distant threat.
“Most people in the country are looking at everything that’s happened;
it just seems to be one disaster after another after another,” said Anthony A. Leiserowitz of Yale University, one of the researchers who
commissioned the new poll. “People are starting to connect the dots.”
The poll opens a new window on public opinion about climate change.
A large majority of climate scientists say the climate is shifting in
ways that could cause serious impacts, and they cite the human release of
greenhouse gases as a principal cause. But a tiny, vocal minority of
researchers contests that view, and has seemed in the last few years to be
winning the battle of public opinion despite slim scientific evidence for their
position.
The poll suggests that a solid majority of the public feels that
global warming is real, a result consistent with other polls that have asked
the question in various ways. When invited to agree or disagree with the
statement, “global warming is affecting the weather in the United States,” 69
percent of respondents in the new poll said they agreed, while 30 percent
disagreed.
Dr. Leiserowitz’s unit at Yale, along with researchers at George Mason University,
commissioned the survey, conducted by Knowledge
Networks. That company surveyed 1,008 American adults by computer in
the last half of March, with a margin of sampling error of plus or minus 3
percentage points.
While many online polls are not representative of the broad public,
Knowledge Networks is noted for its efforts to overcome this
problem, including giving computers to households too poor to have them. The
survey reveals public attitudes that are at least roughly consistent with
scientific understanding of how the climate is changing.
For instance, when people were asked whether they attributed specific
events to global warming, recent heat waves drew the largest majorities.
Scientists say their statistical evidence for an increase of weather extremes
is indeed strongest when it comes to heat waves.
Asked whether they agreed or disagreed that global warming had
contributed to the unusually warm winter just past, 25 percent of the
respondents said they strongly agreed that it had, and 47 percent said they
somewhat agreed. Only 17 percent somewhat disagreed, and 11 percent strongly
disagreed.
Majorities almost as large cited global warming as a likely factor in
last year’s record summer heat wave, as well as the 2011 drought in Texas and
Oklahoma. Smaller but still substantial majorities cited it as a factor in the
record United States snowfalls of 2010 and 2011 and the Mississippi River
floods of 2011. Those views, too, are consistent with scientific evidence,
which suggests that global warming is causing heavier precipitation in all
seasons.
One of the more striking findings was that 35 percent of the public
reported being affected by extreme weather in the past year. The United States
was hit in 2011 by a remarkable string of disasters affecting virtually every region,
including droughts, floods, tornadoes and heat waves.
Dr. Leiserowitz said that recent events might be puncturing the
public’s “very simplistic mental model of what global warming is supposed to
be.”
Past survey work had suggested, he said, that people tended to see the
climate change problem as “distant in time and space — that this is an issue
about polar bears or maybe Bangladesh, but not my community, not the United
States, not my friends and family.”
Because the survey questions are new, it is not clear how people’s
views about weather extremes may be changing over time. However, more general
polling by the Gallup organization suggests that public concern about climate
change, which has waxed and waned over the years, may be starting to rise
again.
Since 1989, Gallup has asked, “how much do you personally worry about
global warming?” The percentage of people saying they were worried peaked at 66
percent just before the recession, then fell to a low of 51 percent in
2011, as the economy overwhelmed other concerns.
Gallup’s most recent survey, in March, showed an uptick to 55
percent. “It’s certainly possible that this is the start of a trend back up,”
said Frank M. Newport, Gallup’s editor in chief, though he added that another
year of polling data would be necessary to be certain.
Advocacy groups seeking policies to limit climate change say that
extreme weather is giving them an opening to reach the public.
A group called 350.org
is planning a worldwide series of rallies on May 5, under the slogan “Connect
the Dots,” to draw attention to the links between climate change and extreme
weather. (The group’s name is a reference to an ideal concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere.)
“My sense from around the country and the world is that people
definitely understand that things are getting freaky,” said William
E. McKibben, the founder of 350.org. “During that crazy heat wave in
March, everyone in Chicago was out enjoying the weather, but in the back of
their mind they were thinking, this is not right.”
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